gasoline generator（gasoline generator发电机6500使用方法）

本文目录

• gasoline generator发电机6500使用方法
• yamal gasolinegenerator_aircooled6500_啥意思
• gasoline generator是什么意思
• carbon tax具体是什么意思它对经济是好事的吗

gasoline generator发电机6500使用方法

6500柴油发电机的使用方法：1.检查机油加好没有 2.检查柴油加好没有 3.检查电瓶是否接好.4以上都做好的情况下，把油门固定到指定转速的位置，再用启动钥匙直接启动开机，5，等机组运行正常之后，插好接线头，防止脱落，再打开空气开关，用电！

yamal gasolinegenerator_aircooled6500_啥意思

Yamal，品牌Gasoline Generator，汽油发电机Air-cooled，空气冷却6500，大概是型号或者功率参数之类。

gasoline generator是什么意思

　　gasoline generator的中文翻译　　gasoline generator　　汽油发电机　　双语例句　　1　　The Project Design of Intelligence Electronic System to Adjust Small Gasoline Generator’s Turn Soon　　小型汽油发电机组智能式电子调速系统方案设计　　2　　The performance studing of CDI and TCI electrical fire-system in modern gasoline generator set　　现代汽油发电机组中CDI与TCI电子点火系统性能研究　　3　　The design of numerial electronic regulator of medium or **all power gasoline generator　　中小功率汽油发电机数字式电子调速器的设计

carbon tax具体是什么意思它对经济是好事的吗

carbon tax烟尘排放税，又叫碳税（台湾的说法）。BackgroundIn economic theory, pollution is c***idered a negative externality because it has a negative effect on a party not directly involved in a transaction.To confront parties with the issue, the economist Arthur Pigou proposed taxing the goods (in this case fossil fuels) which were the source of the negative externality (carbon dioxide) so as to accurately reflect the cost of the goods’ production to society, thereby internalizing the costs associated with the goods’ production. A tax on a negative externality is termed a Pigovian tax, and should equal the marginal damage costs.A carbon tax is an indirect tax — a tax on a transaction — as opposed to a direct tax, which taxes income. As a result, some American c***ervatives have supported such a carbon tax because it taxes at a fixed rate, independent of income, which complements their support of a flat tax.Prices of carbon (fossil) fuels are expected to continue increasing as more countries industrialize and add to the demand on fuel supplies. In addition to creating incentives for energy c***ervation, a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and geothermal on a more competitive footing, stimulating their growth. Former Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker suggested (February 6, 2007) that "it would be wiser to impose a tax on oil, for example, than to wait for the market to drive up oil prices." Social cost of carbon Main article: Economics of global warmingMany estimates of aggregate net economic costs of damages and benefits from climate change across the globe, the social cost of carbon (SCC), expressed in terms of future net benefits and costs that are discounted to the present, are now available. Peer-reviewed estimates of the SCC for 2005 have an average value of US$43 per tonne of carbon (tC) (i.e., US$12 per tonne of carbon dioxide) but the range around this mean is large. For example, in a survey of 100 estimates, the values ran from US$–10 per tonne of carbon (US$–3 per tonne of carbon dioxide) up to US$350/tC (US$95 per tonne of carbon dioxide.)One must be very careful when comparing weights of carbon versus carbon dioxide, since carbon comprises only 27.29% (12.0107 / ) of the mass of carbon dioxide. In ****** terms, there are only 27 tonnes of carbon in 100 tonnes of carbon dioxide.In an October, 2006, report entitled the Stern Review by then HM Treasury official and former Chief Economist and Senior Vice-President of the World Bank, Nicholas Stern, he states that climate change could affect growth which could be cut by one-fifth unless drastic action is taken.According to a 2005 report from the Association of British Insurers, limiting carbon emissi*** could avoid 80% of the projected additional annual cost of tropical cyclones by the 2080s.In the U.S., according to Choi and Fisher (2003) each 1% increase in annual precipitation could enlarge catastrophe loss by as much as 2.8%. These costs would, through increased costs related to insurance and disaster relief, burden customers, taxpayers, and industry alike. Border IssuesConcerns have been raised about carbon leakage which is the tendency for energy-intensive industries to migrate from nati*** with a carbon tax to those nati*** without a carbon tax where some of the receiving nati*** might be less energy-efficient. A possible antidote is for carbon-taxing countries to levy carbon-equivalent fees on imports from non-taxing nati***. Petroleum (motor gasoline, diesel, jet fuel)Many OECD countries have taxed fuel directly for many years for some applicati***; for example, the UK imposes duty directly on vehicle hydrocarbon oils, including petrol and diesel fuel. The duty is adjusted to ensure that the carbon content of different fuels is handled with equivalence.While a direct tax should send a clear signal to the c***umer, its use as an efficient mechani** to influence c***umers’ fuel use has been challenged in some areas: * There may be delays of a decade or more as inefficient vehicles are replaced by newer models and the older models filter through the ’fleet’. * There may be practical political reas*** that deter policy makers from imposing a new range of charges on their electorate. * There is some evidence that c***umers’ decisi*** on fuel economy are not entirely aligned to the price of fuel. In turn, this can deter manufacturers from producing vehicles that they judge have lower sales potential. Other efforts, such as imposing efficiency standards on manufacturers, or changing the income tax rules on taxable benefits, may be at least as significant. * In many countries fuel is already taxed to influence transport behavior and to raise other public revenues. Historically, they have used these fuel taxes as a source of general revenue, as their experience has been that the price elasticity of fuel is low, thus increasing fuel taxation has only slightly impacted on their economies. However, in these circumstances the policy behind a carbon tax may be unclear.Some also note that a suitably priced tax on vehicle fuel may also counterbalance the "rebound effect" that has been observed when vehicle fuel c***umption has improved through the imposition of efficiency standards. Rather than reduce their overall c***umption of fuel, c***umers have been seen to make additional journeys or purchase heavier and more powerful vehicles. Calculation This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (May 2008)Some states in the USA are c***idering the imposition of fuel taxes. One calculation method is as follows: According to the EIA, emissi*** total about 20 pounds of CO2 per gallon of petroleum (2.4 kilograms per litre, 2.4 kg/L), so a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 ($110 per tonne of CO2) would translate to a tax of about $1.00 per gallon ($0.26 per litre). To be precise: Emissi*** are 19.564 pounds of CO2 per gallon of motor gasoline, 22.384 pounds of CO2 per gallon of diesel fuel, and 21.095 pounds of CO2 per gallon of jet fuel (2344.3 g CO2 per L of motor gasoline, 2682.2 g CO2 per L of diesel fuel, and 2527.7 g CO2 per L of jet fuel). So a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates to a tax of $0.978 per gallon of motor gasoline, $1.119 per gallon of diesel fuel, and $1.055 per gallon of jet fuel ($0.258 per litre of motor gasoline, $0.296 per litre of diesel fuel, and $0.279 per litre of jet fuel). At a price between $2.50 and $5.00 per gallon, a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 would raise fuel prices by 40–20%.For the purpose of looking at electricity generation, emissi*** total about 155 pounds of CO2 per million BTUs (66.6 g/MJ), so a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 ($110 per tonne of CO2) translates to a tax of about $7.75 per million BTUs ($7.35 per GJ). To be precise: The emissi*** are 156.425 pounds of CO2 per million BTUs from motor gasoline, 161.386 pounds of CO2 per million BTUs from diesel fuel, and 156.258 pounds of CO2 per million BTUs from jet fuel (67.2506 g of CO2 per MJ from motor gasoline, 69.3835 g of CO2 per MJ from diesel fuel, 67.1788 g of CO2 per MJ from jet fuel). So a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates to a tax of $7.82 per million BTUs of motor gasoline, $8.07 per million BTUs of diesel fuel, and $7.81 per million BTUs of jet fuel ($7.41 per gigajoule (GJ) from motor gasoline, $7.65 per GJ from diesel fuel, $7.41 per GJ from jet fuel). Natural gasAccording to the EIA, emissi*** total 120.6 pounds of CO2 per thousand cubic feet, i.e., 60.3 t*** per million cubic feet, so a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates to a tax of $6.03 per thousand cubic feet of natural gas. At a price of between $4 and $10 per thousand cubic feet, a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 would raise natural gas prices by 60–150%.For the purpose of looking at electricity generation: emissi*** total 117.08 pounds of CO2 per million BTUs, so a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates to a tax of $5.854 per million BTUs. CoalAccording to the EIA, emissi*** per ton of coal range from 1.40 t*** of CO2 to 2.84 t*** of CO2, depending on the type of coal (1.40 for lignite, 1.86 for subbituminous, 2.47 for bituminous, and 2.84 for anthracite, to be precise), for that price, a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 means a price increase of 500–1,000% depending on the type (512% for lignite, 680% for subbituminous, 903% for bituminous, and 1039% for anthracite).Because of the differences in the carbon content of different types of coal, it is easier to do the calculati*** in terms of BTUs rather than t*** of coal. So: Emissi*** per million BTUs range from 205 to 227 pounds of CO2 per million BTUs (215.4 for lignite, 212.7 for subbituminous, 205.3 for bituminous, and 227.4 for anthracite, to be precise), so a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates to a tax of about $10 per million BTUs, depending on the type of coal ($10.77 for lignite, $10.635 for subbituminous, $10.265 for bituminous, and $11.37 for anthracite). ElectricityThe impact of a carbon tax on electricity prices depends on the amount of CO2 generated along with the electricity, and that depends on the type of fuel used and the efficiency ("heat rate") of the generator. At 100% efficiency, 3413 BTU = 1 kW·h.In terms of fuel use, note from above that CO2 emissi*** per million BTUs (293 kW·h) range from 117.08 pounds of CO2 for natural gas and about 155 pounds of CO2 for petroleum to between 205 and 227 pounds of CO2 for coal, and that a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 therefore translates into a tax per million BTUs that ranges from $5.854 per million BTUs for natural gas and about $7.75 per million BTUs for petroleum to between $10.27 and $11.37 per million BTUs for coal. For comparison purposes: in 2005, fuel prices to electricity generators per million BTU were $7.70 for oil, $8.18 for natural gas, $1.53 for coal, and $0.48 for nuclear. Current electricity prices are in the neighborhood of $0.08 per kW·h.Old-style generators have a heat rate in the ballpark of 10,000 BTUs per kW·h. At that heat rate, a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates into a tax of $0.05854 per kW·h for natural gas, about $0.0775 per kW·h for petroleum, and between $0.1027 and $0.1137 per kW·h for coal. As noted above, current electricity prices are in the neighborhood of $0.08 per kW·h.New-style combined-cycle gas turbines currently (2005) use 6,572 BTUs per kW·h (51.93% efficient), a number that is expected to decline to 6,333 by 2015. At these heat rates, a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates into a tax of $0.0385 per kW·h for natural gas using 2005 technology and a tax of $0.0371 per kW·h for natural gas using 2015 technology and c***idering only emissi*** at the generator.New-style combined-cycle coal gasification units currently (2005) use 8,309 BTUs per kW·h (41.08% efficient), a number that is expected to decline to 7,200 by 2015. At these heat rates, a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates into a tax of between $0.0853 and $0.0945 per kW·h for coal using 2005 technology and a tax of between $0.0739 and $0.0819 per kW·h for coal using 2015 technology and c***idering only emissi*** at the generator. Life cycle emissi*** from coal power tend to be concentrated at the generator, whereas with gas plants, upstream emissi*** can be more significant, depending on the source of the gas. ImplementationOn January 1, 1991, Sweden enacted a carbon tax, placing a tax of 0.25 SEK/kg ($100 per ton) on the use of oil, coal, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, and aviation fuel used in domestic travel. Industrial users paid half the rate (between 1993 and 1997, 25% of the rate), and certain high-energy industries such as commercial horticulture, mining, manufacturing and the pulp and ***** industry were fully exempted from these new taxes. In 1997 the rate was raised to 0.365 SEK/kg ($150 per ton) of CO2 released. In 2007, Sweden will raise taxes on carbon emissi***.Finland, the Netherlands, and Norway also introduced carbon taxes in the 1990s.In Italy, carbon tax was introduced or modified with the article 8 of the law 23 December 1998, n. 448, according to the conclusi*** of the Kyoto Conference of 1–11 December 1997.The United Kingdom Treasury imposed the Fuel Price Escalator, an incrementally-increasing pollution tax, on retail petroleum products from 1993. The increases stopped after politically-damaging fuel protests in 1999, at which time tax and duty represented more than 75% of the total pump price. Tax now represents about ⅔ of the pump price.In 2005 New Zealand proposed a carbon tax, setting an emissi*** price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent. The planned tax was scheduled to take effect from April 2007, and applied across most economic sectors though with an exemption for methane emissi*** from farming and provisi*** for special exempti*** from carbon intensive businesses if they adopted world’s-best-practice standards of emissi***. After the 2005 election, the minor parties supporting the Government opposed the proposed tax, and it was abandoned in December 2005.In 1993, President of the United States Bill Clinton proposed a BTU tax that was never adopted. His Vice President, Al Gore, had strongly backed a carbon tax in his book, Earth in the Balance, but this became a political liability after the Republicans attacked him as a "dangerous fanatic". In 2000, when Gore ran for President, one commentator labeled Gore’s carbon tax proposal a "central planning solution" harking back to "the New Deal politics of his father." to give voice to Americans who believe that taxing carbon emissi*** is imperative to reduce global warming.On 19 February 2008, the Canadian province of British Columbia announced its intention to implement a $10/tonne carbon tax beginning 1 July 2008, ****** ** the first North American jurisdiction to implement such a tax. The tax will rise by $5 a year until it reaches $30 in 2012. Unlike previous proposals, legislation will keep the pending carbon tax revenue neutral by reducing corporate and income taxes at an equivalent rate.In November 2006 voters in Boulder, Colorado have passed U.S. first-ever municipal "carbon tax", is a tax on electricity c***umption (utility bills) that goes to fund programs by the City of Boulder, Colorado to reduce greenhouse gas emissi***. However, because it is a tax on electricity usage instead of on carbon, the tax also applies to carbon **** sources of electricity.In May 2008, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which covers nine counties in the San Francisco Bay Area, passed a carbon tax of 4.4 cents per ton.